Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text . Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，CorDonANSWERSHEET1.( 10 points)

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four text s. Answer the questions below each textby choosing A，B，C，orD.Mark your answers on ANSWERS HEET1.( 40 points)

Text 1

How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase tcrail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual：every January the cost of travelling by train rises， imposing asignificant extra burden on those who have no option but to use therail network to get to work or otherwise .Thisyearsrise，an average of2.7percent，maybea fraction lower than last year 's，butitis stilwell above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI)measureofinflation.Successive governments have permitted such increases on thegrounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail networkshould bebornebythosewhouseit， rather than the general tax paye iWhy，theargumentgoes，should a car-driving pensioner fromLincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stock broke ifrom Surrey ?Equally， there is a sense that the travails of commuters inthe SouthEast .manyofwhomwilface among the biggest rises， havereceived too much attention compared to those who must endure therelatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North .

However ，over the past 12months， those commuters have alsoexperienced some of the worst rail strikes in years .Itis all very welltrain operators trumpeting the improvements the are making to thenetwork .but passengers should be able to expect a basic level ofservice for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel . Theresponsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions .However ， there is a strong case that those who have been worstaffected by industrial action should receive compensation for thedisruption they have suffered .

The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce aminimum service requirements othat，even when strikes occur services can continue to operate . This should form part of a wide ipackage of measures to address the long - running problems onBritain 'srailways.Yes， more investment is needed ，but passengers wills not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endurecramped unreliable services .punctuated by regular chaos whertimetablesarechanged ，orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently . The threat of nationalisation may have been seen of lfor now.butit will return with a vengeance if the justified anger ofpassengers is not addressed in short order .

21.The author holds that this year 's increase in rail passengers fares

A.will ease train operation 's burden

B.　has kept pace with inflation

C.is a big surprise to commuters

D. remains on

22.The stockbroker in2is used to stand for

A.car drivers

B.rail travellers

C. local investors

D. ordinary taxpayers

23.It is indicated in 3 that train operators

A. are offering compensations to commuters

B.aretying to repair relations with the unionsl

C. have failed to provide an adequate source

D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes

24..(缺)

25..(缺)

Text 2

Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia 'sbleak rateof deforestation has slowed inpace.One reason for the turnaroundmaybe the country’s antipoverty program .

In 2007， Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives moneyto its poorest residents under certain conditions ，suc has requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care . Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs， these social assistance programsare designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of povertyThe y're already used in dozens of countries worldwide .InIndonesia，the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children .

But CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment .In fact poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals ，says Paul Ferraro，an economist at Johns Hopkins University .

That 's because economic growth canbe correlatedwithenvironmental degradation ， while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty .However ，those correlations don't prove cause and effect . The only previous studyanalyzing causality ， based on an area in Mexico that had institutedCCTs， supported the traditional view .There，as people got moremoney ， some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raisefor meat，Ferrarosays.

Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment ，though . Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia 's poverty-alleviationprogram was affecting deforestation . Indonesia has the third-largestarea of tropical forest in the world andoneof the highest deforestation rates .

Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008 to 2012-including during Indonesia 's phase—in of theantipoverty program -in7， 468 forested villages across 15 provincesand multiple islands .Theduo separated the effects of the CCT programon forest loss fromother factors ， like weatherand macroeconomic changes ， which were also affecting forest loss. Withthat ，"we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation ， "Ferraro says .

That 's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshiftinsurance policies against inclement weather ，Ferrarosays.Typically， ilrains are delayed ， people may clear land to plant more rice tasupplement their harvests.With the CCTs， individuals instead can usethe money to supplement their harvests.

Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody 'sguess.Ferraro suggests the importance of growing rice and market access .And regardless of transferability ，thestudyshowsthatwhat's goodfor people may also be good for value of the avoided deforestationjust for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs .

26.According to the fisttwo paragraphs ，CCTprogramsaim to

A. facilitate healthcare reform .

B. help poor families get better off.

C. improve local education systems .

D. lower deforestation rates .

27.The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that

A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor

B.CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles .

C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers .

D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation .

28.In his study about Indonesia ， Ferraro intends to find out

A.its acceptance level of CCTs.

B.its annual rate of poverty alleviation .

C. the relation of CCTstoitsforestloss.

D. the role of its forests in climate change .

29.According to Ferraro ，theCCT program in Indonesia is mostvaluable in that

A.it will benefit other Asian countries .

B.it will reduce regional inequality .

C.it can protect the environment .

D.it can boost grain production .

30.What is the text centered on?

A.The effects of aprogram.

B .The debates over a program.

C.The process of a study.

D. The transferability of a study .